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Andrzej Wajda, der mensch, dr barbara, Krakau, Kurt Maetzig, Lem, lemberg, Polen, Science fiction, science fiction autor, Stanisław Lem, West-Berlin
Stanisław Lem * 12. September 1921 in Lemberg; † 27. März 2006 in Krakau) war ein jüdischer Philosoph, Essayist und Science-Fiction-Autor.
951 wurde sein erster Roman Astronauci (dt. Der Planet des Todes, auch als Die Astronautenbekannt) veröffentlicht. Sein erstgeschriebener Roman Der Mensch vom Mars von 1946 erschien in Buchform erst 1989. 1953 heiratete er Dr. Barbara Leśniak, eine Radiologin. 1982, nachdem in Polen das Kriegsrecht verhängt worden war, verließ Stanisław Lem sein Heimatland vorübergehend und arbeitete in West-Berlin am Wissenschaftskolleg. Ein Jahr später ging er nach Wien. Dort schrieb er Der Flop und Fiasko und kehrte erst 1988 nach Polen zurück.
Stanisław Lem war Mitglied des polnischen Schriftstellerverbandes, des P.E.N.-Clubs und, seit 1972, des Komitees Polen 2000, das unter der Federführung der polnischen Akademie der Wissenschaften steht. Seit 1994 war er Mitglied der PAU (Polska Akademia Umiejętności, deutsch: “Polnische Akademie der Kenntnisse”).
Durch seine utopischen Werke erwarb sich Lem den Ruf, einer der größten Schriftsteller in der Geschichte der SF-Literatur zu sein. Seine Kurzgeschichten, Romane und Essays zeichnen sich insbesondere durch überbordenden Ideenreichtum und fantasievolle sprachliche Neuschöpfungen aus, wobei auch die Kritik an der Machbarkeit und dem Verstehen der technischen Entwicklung im Kontext philosophischer Diskurse immer wieder ein zentraler Bestandteil seiner Werke ist.
„Verlage, die mich in einer mit Science-fiction etikettierten Schublade eingeschlossen haben, taten dies hauptsächlich aus merkantilen und kommerziellen Gründen, denn ich war ein hausbackener und heimwerkelnder Philosoph, der die künftigen technischen Werke der menschlichen Zivilisation vorauszuerkennen versuchte, bis an die Grenzen des von mir genannten Begriffshorizontes.“
– Lem in Riskante Konzepte
Stanisław Lems Bücher wurden bisher in 57 Sprachen übersetzt und erreichten eine Auflage von mehr als 45 Millionen. Lem starb nach längerer Krankheit am 27. März 2006 in einer Klinik in Krakau im Alter von 84 Jahren an Herzversagen. Sein Grab befindet sich auf dem Salwator-Friedhof in Krakau.
Verfilmungen
- 1960 wurde Lems Roman Planet des Todes (1954) in der DDR von der DEFA unter dem Titel Der schweigende Stern (Regie: Kurt Maetzig) verfilmt; in der Bundesrepublik lief der Film später als Raumschiff Venus antwortet nicht.
- Der 1963 gedrehte tschechoslowakische Film Ikarie XB 1 (Regie: Jindrich Polák) beruht zwar auf Lems Roman Gast im Weltraum (1956), nennt den Autor aber nicht im Abspann.
- Fußend auf Lems Kurzgeschichte Czy pan istnieje, Mr Jones? (dt. Gibt es Sie, Mister Jones?) drehte Andrzej Wajda 1968 den 36-Minuten-Fernsehfilm Przekładaniec (deutsch Rollkuchen), an dessen Szenarium auch Lem selbst beteiligt war, so dass dieser Film eine der wenigen Lem-Verfilmungen wurde, mit denen der Autor sich im nachhinein zufrieden zeigte
- 1973 kam eine ungarische Fernsehserie namens Pirx kalandjai (Regie: István Kazán und András Rajnai) auf insgesamt 5 Episoden.
- 1978 lieferte die Erzählung Die Verhandlung die Grundlage für die polnisch-sowjetische Gemeinschaftsproduktion Test pilota Pirxa(deutsch Der Testflug des Piloten Pirx, auch Testflug zum Saturn) in der Regie von Marek Piestrak.
- Lems Roman Solaris (1961) wurde bis dato dreimal verfilmt: zuerst 1968 von Boris Nirenburg (Solaris (1968)), dann 1971 von Andrei Tarkowski (Solaris (1972)) und zuletzt 2002 von Steven Soderbergh (Solaris (2002)). Lem selbst hielt von den beiden letztgenannten Filmen nichts, und seine Meinung zur Nirenburgs Verfilmung ist unbekannt.
- 1978/79 entstanden beiderseits der deutsch-deutschen Grenze fast gleichzeitig zwei verschiedene Fernsehspiele nach ein und derselben Vorlage, das eine 1978 für das ZDF, der zweite im Jahr darauf für das DDR-Fernsehen: Die seltsamen Begegnungen des Prof. Tarantoga (Regie: Chuck Kerremans, mit Richard Münch und Peter Striebeck, 100 min.) wurden 1978 vom ZDF gesendet, ihr DDR-PendantProfessor Tarantoga und sein seltsamer Gast (Regie: Jens-Peter Proll, mit Eberhard Esche und Volkmar Kleinert, 59 min.) im DDR-Fernsehen 1979.
- 1992 produzierten BR und SWF nach Lems Erzählung Der Freund die literarische Filmerzählung Der unsichtbare Freund (Regie: Ray Müller, mit Josef Bierbichler, Andreas Giebel und Volkmar Kleinert, 77 Minuten).
- Basierend auf Lems Geschichtensammlung Sterntagebücher um den Piloten Ijon Tichy wurden 2007 und 2011 für das ZDF die Episoden der TV-Serie Ijon Tichy: Raumpilot – Die Sterntagebücher (Regie: Dennis Jacobsen, Randa Chahoud, Oliver Jahn) realisiert.
- Die Futurama-Folge Planet der Roboter ähnelt einer Geschichte aus den Sterntagebüchern. Ebenso entspricht das in Futurama beschriebene Musikinstrument Holophonor dem von Lem in seinem Roman Der Gast im Weltraum dargestellten Instrument Genetophor(grundsätzlich identische Funktionsweise, einziger Unterschied: bei Lem handelt es sich um ein Tasten- und in Futurama um ein Blasinstrument).
Charaktere in Stanisław Lems Werk
- Ijon Tichy
- Eine der Hauptpersonen in Lems Werk ist Ijon Tichy (abgeleitet von Cichy, polnisch für: „Der Stille“). Er ist die Hauptfigur in den „Sterntagebüchern“ und einigen weiteren Romanen („Der futurologische Kongress“, „Lokaltermin“, „Frieden auf Erden“). Er ist eine Art Weltraum-Münchhausen, der irrwitzige Abenteuer auf fremden Welten erlebt. Im Zusammenhang mit Tichy tritt in einigen Geschichten auch sein Freund Professor Tarantoga auf. Unter anderem ist er es, der Tichy zum Futurologischen Kongress schickt.
- Pirx
- Der Pilot Pirx erscheint in einer Gruppe von Erzählungen (unter anderen „Test“, „Die Jagd“ und „Terminus“, gesammelt in „Pilot Pirx“) und in dem Roman („Fiasko“). Es stellt eine eher ernsthafte Figur dar, hat aber auch einige für den Leser amüsante Erlebnisse. Pirx kommtspätestens in „Fiasko“, einem der letzten Romane Lems, ums Leben – wobei der Leser nicht mit Sicherheit erfährt, ob er es ist, der wiederbelebt wird, oder Parvis, ein anderer Pilot, der ebenfalls in Birnhams Wald auf dem Titan verunglückt war.
- Trurl und Klapauzius
- In der „Kyberiade“ – einer Sammlung von Kurzgeschichten – tauchen diese beiden Roboterwesen als Konstrukteure auf. Lem baut hier bewusst eine humoristische Grundstimmung mit märchenhaften Untertönen auf, um seine Gedankenexperimente frei von technischen und physischen Restriktionen durchspielen zu können. So retten Trurl und Klapauzius beispielsweise das Universum, nachdem sie es mit einer ihrer Erfindungen fast vernichtet hätten. Sie beenden Kriege und schaffen neue Welten.
Trivia
- Lems (selbst)ironische Einstellung zum Science-Fiction-Genre wird im Einleitungssatz der Kurzgeschichte „Pirx erzählt“ deutlich, wo der Ich-Erzähler sagt: „Utopische Bücher? Doch, die mag ich, aber nur schlechte.“
- Lem war Cousin des Satirikers Marian Hemar[8].
Auszeichnungen
- 1955 Polen: Goldenes Verdienstkreuz der Republik Polen
- 1959 Offizierskreuz der Polonia Restituta
- 1973 Großer Staatspreis für Literatur der Volksrepublik Polen
- 1981 Ehrendoktorwürde der Technischen Hochschule Breslau
- 1986 Österreichischer Staatspreis für Europäische Literatur
- 1987 Literaturpreis der Alfred Jurzykowski Foundation
- 1991 Österreichischer Franz-Kafka-Preis
- 1996 Order Orła Białego (Weißer-Adler-Orden)
- 1997 Ehrenbürgerschaft der Stadt Krakau
- 1998 Ehrendoktortitel der Universitäten Oppeln und Krakau sowie der Staatlichen Medizinischen Universität Lemberg
- 2003 Ehrendoktor der Technischen Fakultät der Universität Bielefeld (Dr. rer. nat. h.c.)
- 2004 Mitglied der Akademie der Künste in Berlin
Werke
Die Jahreszahlen geben das Ersterscheinungsdatum an. Einige von Stanisław Lems Werken erschienen aufgrund des Regimes in Polen zuerst nur in Übersetzung. Es gibt für eine Reihe von Werken zwei deutsche Übersetzungen (und oft auch Titelübersetzungen), einmal in der DDR (Volk und Welt), einmal in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Suhrkamp).
Philosophische Werke
- Dialogi, 1957 (dt. Dialoge, 1980)
- Summa technologiae, 1964 (dt. Summa technologiae, 1976) (in diesem Buch werden wesentliche technische Trends vorhergesehen und diskutiert, so zum Beispiel die von Lem „Phantomatik“ genannte Virtual Reality und die Nanotechnologie. In Dialoge und Summa technologiae beschreibt Lem unter anderem brutale Eingriffe in die Funktionen des menschlichen Gehirns.[9])
- Filozofia przypadku, 1968 (dt. Philosophie des Zufalls I, 1983; Philosophie des Zufalls II, 1985)
- Fantastyka i futurologia, 1970 (dt. Phantastik und Futurologie, 1977)
- Rozprawy i szkice, 1978 (dt. aufgeteilt auf die drei Bücher: Sade und die Spieltheorie (1986), Über außersinnliche Wahrnehmung (1987) und Science-fiction: ein hoffnungsloser Fall mit Ausnahmen (1987), Suhrkamp Taschenbuch)
- Essays (Insel Verlag 1981)
- Die Vergangenheit der Zukunft (Insel Verlag, 1992)
- Tajemnica chińskiego pokoju (Wörtl.: Das Geheimnis des chinesischen Zimmers), 1996 (dt. Die Technologiefalle., Insel Verlag, Frankfurt 2000, ISBN 3-458-17039-1)
- Bomba megabitowa, 1999 (dt. Die Megabit-Bombe, 2003)
- Okamgnienie (Wörtl.: Der Augenblick), 2000 (dt. Riskante Konzepte, Insel-Verlag 2001)
- DyLEMaty, (Wörtl.: DiLEMmata), 2003 (pl., Wydawnictwo Literackie, Krakow 2003)
- Rasa drapieżców – Teksty ostatnie (Wörtl.: Die Art/Rasse der Raubtiere – Letzte Texte), 2006 (pl., Wydawnictwo Literackie, Krakow 2006)
Science-Fiction-Werke [Bearbeiten]
- 1946 Człowiek z Marsa (dt. Der Mensch vom Mars, 1989)
- 1951 Astronauci (dt. Der Planet des Todes, 1954; Die Astronauten)
- 1955 Obłok Magellana (dt. Gast im Weltraum, 1956)
- 1957 Dzienniki gwiazdowe (dt. Die Sterntagebücher des Weltraumfahrers Ijon Tichy, 1961) − Erzählungen, ISBN 3-518-36959-8
- 1960 Eden (dt. Eden, 1960)
- 1961 Solaris (dt. Solaris, 1972) ISBN 3-423-10177-6
- 1961 Pamiętnik znaleziony w wannie (dt. Memoiren, gefunden in der Badewanne, 1974)
- 1961 Powrót z gwiazd (dt. Transfer, 1974; Rückkehr von den Sternen)
- 1964 Niezwyciężony (dt. Der Unbesiegbare, 1967)
- 1964 Bajki robotów (dt. Robotermärchen, 1969) − Erzählungen
- 1965 Cyberiada (dt. Kyberiade, 1983; Wie die Welt noch einmal davonkam − Der Kyberiade erster Teil 1985, Altruizin und andere kybernetische Beglückungen − Der Kyberiade zweiter Teil, 1985)
- 1968 Opowieści o pilocie Pirxie (dt. Eintritt nur für Sternenpersonal, 1978; Pilot Pirx, 1978)
- 1968 Głos Pana (dt. Die Stimme des Herrn, 1981)
- 1969 Opowiadania (dt. Nacht und Schimmel, 1972) − Erzählungen, ISBN 3-518-36856-7
- 1971 Kongres futurologiczny (dt. Der futurologische Kongreß, 1974)
- 1976 Maska (dt. Die Maske, 1978) – Erzählungen
- 1981 Golem XIV (dt. Also sprach Golem, 1984)
- 1982 Wizja Lokalna (dt. Lokaltermin, 1985)
- 1986 Pokój na ziemi (dt. Frieden auf Erden, 1988; Der Flop)
- 1987 Fiasko (dt. Fiasko, 1986)
Kurzgeschichten (Auswahl)
- 1957 Die Ratte im Labyrinth
- 1959 Invasion vom Aldebaran
- 1968 Pilot Pirx
- 1976 Die Maske
- 1981 Das Rätsel
Fiktive Rezensionen und Vorworte
- Doskonała próżnia, 1971 (dt. Die vollkommene Leere, 1973; Das absolute Vakuum, 1984) – Buchbesprechungen nichtexistierender Bücher
- Wielkość urojona, 1973 (dt. Imaginäre Größe, 1976) – Vorworte zu nichtexistierenden Büchern
- Prowokacja, 1980 (dt. Provokation, 1981)
- One Human Minute (dt. Eine Minute der Menschheit, Suhrkamp 1983) – Vorwort zu einer Statistik
- Weapon Systems of the 21st Century or the Upside Down Evolution (dt. Waffensysteme des 21. Jahrhunderts, Suhrkamp 1983)
- The World as Holocaust (dt. Das Katastrophenprinzip, 1983)
Deutsche Zusammenstellungen
- Test (Erzählungen) (1968)
- Die Jagd (Erzählungen) (1972)
- Der Getreue Roboter (Fernsehspiele) (1975)
- Mondnacht (Hör- und Fernsehspiele) (1977)
- Der Schnupfen/Test (DDR 1977)
- Der Unbesiegbare/Die Jagd (DDR 1977)
- Eden/Die Maske (DDR 1977)
- Die Falle des Gargancjan (Erzählungen) (1979)
- Erzählungen (1980)
- Die phantastischen Erzählungen des Stanislaw Lem (1980)
- Mehr phantastische Erzählungen des Stanislaw Lem (1981)
- Terminus (Erzählungen) (1981)
- Die Ratte im Labyrinth (Erzählungen) (1982)
- Provokationen (Fiktive Rezensionen) (1988)
- Irrläufer (Erzählungen von vor 1947) (1989)
- Technologie und Ethik (Lesebuch) (1990)
- Die Entdeckung der Virtualität (1996)
- Lem-Edition in drei Bänden, 2003:
- Der weiße Tod, enthält die Robotermärchen und die Kyberiade, ISBN 3-518-45536-2
- Pilot Pirx, enthält alle Erzählungen des Bandes Die Jagd und die vier Pirx-Erzählungen aus Test, ISBN 3-518-45535-4
- Sterntagebücher, enthält zusätzliche Texte, ISBN 3-518-45534-6
- Lem-Edition in sechs Bänden, 2009:
- Sterntagebücher, ISBN 978-3-518-46132-7
- Also sprach Golem, ISBN 978-3-518-46135-8
- Der futurologische Kongreß, ISBN 978-3-518-46133-4
- Solaris, ISBN 978-3-518-46131-0
- Der Unbesiegbare, ISBN 978-3-518-46134-1
- Robotermärchen (nicht identisch mit der vollständigen Ausgabe von 2003), ISBN 978-3-518-46136-5
Anmerkung: Auf deutsch erschienen einige Bände mit Erzählungen in unterschiedlicher Zusammenstellung und mit unterschiedlichen Titeln.
Verschiedene
- Szpital Przemienienia, 1955 (dt. Die Irrungen des Dr. Stefan T., 1959, Das Hospital der Verklärung (1. Teil von „Die Irrungen…“)) – Entwicklungsroman eines jungen Arztes im Vor- und Nachkriegspolen
- Śledztwo, 1959 (dt. Die Untersuchung, 1975) – Kriminalroman
- Wysoki Zamek, 1968 (dt. Das Hohe Schloß, 1974) – Behandelt die Kindheit von Stanislaw Lem (autobiografisch)
- Katar, 1976 (dt. Der Schnupfen, 1977) – Kriminalroman, 1979 mit dem Grand prix de littérature policière ausgezeichnet
- Vorwort im Nachhinein, 1983 (dt., in: Hennings/Müller/Vowe/Wersig (Hrsg.) Informations- und Kommunikationsstrukturen der Zukunft – Workshop mit Stanislaw Lem, München 1983, mit Beiträgen von Dietrich Dörner, Herbert W. Franke, Wolfgang Giloi, Winfried Göpfert,Helmut Krauch, Thomas von Randow, Franz Rottensteiner, Thomas Trautner u.a.), ISBN 3-7705-2199-4
- Stanisław Lem – Listy albo opór materii, 2002 (dt. Der Widerstand der Materie: Ausgewählte Briefe, 2008, Parthas Verlag Berlin) – Sammlung von Briefen
Tonträger
- Robotermärchen – Gert Haucke liest Zifferoticon, König Globares und die Weisen, Deutsche Grammophon Literatur, 1978
- Sterntagebücher, gelesen von Michael Schwarzmaier, 3 CDs, Hörbuchproduktionen, (Mai 2003), ISBN 978-3-89614-267-2
- Robotermärchen, gelesen von Michael Schwarzmaier, 4 CDs, Hörbuchproduktionen, (September 2001), ISBN 978-3-89614-236-8
- Test, gelesen von Michael Schwarzmaier, Terzio GmbH, (September 2005), ISBN 3-89835-443-1
- Die lymphatersche Formel, gelesen von Martin Held, DAV pocket, (September 2004), ISBN 3-89813-345-1
- Sterntagebücher: 7. und 8. Reise, gelesen von Wigald Boning, Die Audiathek, 2 CDs, (2005), ISBN 3-938943-04-1
- Solaris, Sprecher Oliver Stokowski und Hans Peter Hallwachs, DAV, (März 2007), ISBN 3-89813-619-1
- Eden, Roman einer außerirdischen Zivilisation, Sprecher Jochen Striebeck, 6 CDs: Langen/Müller Audio-Books; Gekürzte Fassung des gleichnamigen Romans. (Dezember 2006), ISBN 978-3-7844-4084-2
- Der getreue Roboter, Sprecher Dieter Wien, Vera Oelschlegel, Joachim Tomaschewsky, Marion van de Kamp u.a., 1 CD: Rundfunk der DDR & Der Audio Verlag GmbH; Hörspiel nach einem Einakter. (2003), ISBN 978-3-89813-231-2
- Die Mondnacht, Sprecher Bodo Primus, Horst Michael Neutze u.a., 1 Kassette: Hoerverlag DHV Der GmbH (Dezember 1999), ISBN 3-89584-220-6
- Der Unbesiegbare, Sprecher: Helmut Hafner, 1 CD: hoerbuch.cc (April 2006), ISBN 3-900036-95-0
- Professors Tarantogas Sprechstunde, poln. “Godzina przyjec profesora Tarantogi” (1979)
Literatur
- Insel Almanach auf das Jahr 1976: Stanislaw Lem: Der dialektische Weise aus Kraków. Hrsg. von Werner Berthel. Insel, Frankfurt a. M. 1976.
- Werner Berthel (Hrsg.): Über Stanislaw Lem. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt/M. 1981, ISBN 3-518-37086-3
- Stanislaw Lem, Stanislaw Beres: Lem über Lem. Gespräche. Insel, Frankfurt/M. 1986, ISBN 3-458-14511-7
- Florian Marzin: Stanislaw Lem: An den Grenzen der Science Fiction und darüber hinaus. Corian-Verlag Wimmer, Meitingen 1985, ISBN 3-89048-208-2
- Jerzy Jarzębski: Zufall und Ordnung. Zum Werk Stanislaw Lems. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt/M. 1986, ISBN 3-518-37790-6
- Bernd Gräfrath: Ketzer, Dilettanten und Genies. Grenzgänger der Philosophie. Junius, Hamburg 1993, ISBN 3-88506-227-5
- Bernd Gräfrath: Lems Golem: Parerga und Paralipomena, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1996, ISBN 3-518-39027-9
- Zygmunt Tęcza: Das Wortspiel in der Übersetzung. Stanislaw Lems Spiele mit dem Wort als Gegenstand interlingualen Transfers.Linguistische Arbeiten, Bd. 367, Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 1997. ISBN 3-484-30367-0
- Bernd Gräfrath: Es fällt nicht leicht, ein Gott zu sein. Ethik für Weltenschöpfer von Leibniz bis Lem. Beck, München 1998, ISBN 3-406-42065-6
- Holger Arndt: Stanislaw Lems Prognose des Epochenendes: die Bedrohung der menschlichen Kultur durch Wissenschaft, Technologie und Dogmatismus. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2001, ISBN 3-534-15139-9
- Jacek Rzeszotnik: Ein zerebraler Schriftsteller und Philosoph namens Lem. Zur Rekonstruktion von Stanislaw Lems Autoren- und Werkbild im deutschen Sprachraum anhand von Fallbeispielen. Universitätsverlag Wroclaw, Breslau 2003, ISBN 83-229-2378-3
- Bartholomäus Figatowski: Zwischen utopischer Idee und Wirklichkeit: Kurd Laßwitz und Stanislaw Lem als Vertreter einer mitteleuropäischen Science fiction. Wetzlar 2004
- Michael Düring, Ulrike Jekutsch (Hrsg.): Stanisław Lem – Mensch, Denker, Schriftsteller. Beiträge einer deutsch-polnischen Konferenz im Jahr 2000 in Greifswald und Szczecin. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-447-05147-7
- Erik Simon: Stanislaw Lem. Nekrolog. In: Sascha Mamczak, Wolfgang Jeschke (Hrsg.): Das Science Fiction Jahr 2007. Heyne, München 2007, ISBN 978-3-453-52261-9. S. 364-376.
- Dagmar Schmauks: “In memoriam Stanislaw Lem (1921-2006)”. Zeitschrift für Semiotik 29,2-3 (2007), S. 277-282. Tübingen: Stauffenburg.
Weblinks
- Literatur von und über Stanisław Lem im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
- Ausführliche Bibliographie der Schriften Lems
- Die gesammelten Kolumnen von Stanislaw Lem – bei Telepolis
- Offizielle Webseite – deutsche Version
- http://www.stanislaw-lem.de/
- Werke und Aufsätze – Übersicht zu Lems Werk
- Auch Hosenträger sind intelligent – Interview in Krakau 2004
- Im Ramschladen der Phantasie – Interview in Krakau 2005
- Stanislaw Lem bei MusicBrainz (englisch)
- Stanislaw Lem in der deutschen und englischen Version der Internet Movie Database
Einzelnachweise
- ↑ http://www.zeit.de/2005/31/P-Lem?page=1 Visionär ohne Illusionen, Die Zeit
- ↑ http://www.polskieradio.eu/zagranica/news/print.aspx?id=35019
- ↑ ”[...] Przekładaniec Wajdy z Kobielą w roli głównej, zupełnie mnie satysfakcjonuje. [...]“; Stanisław Bereś; Tako Rzecze… Lem: Ze Stanisławem Lemem Rozmawia Stanisław Bereś; Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 2002, ISBN 83-08-03245-1
- ↑ http://www.pirxkalandjai.hu
- ↑ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 19. Februar 2003, Nr. 42, Seite 37
- ↑ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0978537/
- ↑ Artikel über die Folge in der Futuramapedia. Futurama Co-Produzent nennt Lem als eines seiner Vorbilder: http://www.andreas-rauscher.de/futurama.htm
- ↑ http://solaris.lem.pl/faq#hemar
- ↑ Quelle: Stanislav Lem: Unsaubere Schnittstelle Mensch/Maschine, in: Maar, Pöppel, Christaller (Hrsg.): Die Technik auf dem Weg zur Seele. Forschungen an der Schnittstelle Gehirn/Computer, Reinbek 1996, S. 30-58.
- Stanisław Lem
- Autor
- Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
- Literatur (Polnisch)
- Science-Fiction-Literatur
- Roman, Epik
- Philosoph (20. Jahrhundert)
- Philosoph (21. Jahrhundert)
- Träger des Ordens Polonia Restituta (Offizier)
- Träger des Goldenen Verdienstkreuzes der Republik Polen
- Träger des Weißen Adlerordens
- Träger des Österreichischen Staatspreises für Europäische Literatur
- Ehrenbürger in Polen
- Ehrendoktor der Universität Bielefeld
- Pole
- Geboren 1921
- Gestorben 2006
- Mann
- Ehrendoktor einer Universität
- Ehrendoktor der TH Breslau
Stanisław Lem (Polish pronunciation: [staˈɲiswaf ˈlɛm] (
listen); 12 September 1921 – 27 March 2006) was a Polish writer of science fiction, philosophy and satire. He was named a Knight of the Order of the White Eagle.[1] His books have been translated into 41 languages and have sold over 27 million copies.[2] He is perhaps best known as the author of the 1961 novelSolaris, which has been made into a feature film three times. In 1976 Theodore Sturgeon said that Lem was the most widely read science-fiction writer in the world.[3]
His works explore philosophical themes; speculation on technology, the nature of intelligence, the impossibility of mutual communication and understanding, despair about human limitations and mankind’s place in the universe. They are sometimes presented as fiction, but others are in the form of essays or philosophical books. Translations of his works are difficult due to passages with elaborate word formation, alien or robotic poetry, and puns. Multiple translated versions of his works exist.
Lem was born in 1921 in Lwów, Poland (now Ukraine). He was the son wished because of his “bourgeois origin” and only due to his father’s connections was accepted to study medicine at Lwów University in 1940.[4] During World War II and the Nazi occupation (1941–1944), Lem survived with false papers, earning a living as a car mechanic and welder, and becoming active in the resistance. (Lem’s family had Jewishancestors,[5] and thus was in greater danger than they would have already been as Polish citizens and intellectuals.) In 1945, Polish easternKresy were annexed into the Soviet Ukraine[6] and the family, like many other Poles, was resettled to Kraków where Lem, at his father’s insistence, took up medical studies at the Jagiellonian University. He refused to tailor his answers to the prevailing Lysenkoism and failed his final examinations on purpose so as not to be obliged to become a military doctor.[4] Earlier he had started working as a research assistant in a scientific institution and writing stories in his spare time.
Lem signing in Kraków, 30 October 2005
[edit]Writing career
Lem made his literary debut in 1946 as a poet, and at that time he also published several dime novels. Beginning that year, Lem’s first science fiction novel Człowiek z Marsa (The Man from Mars) was serialized in the magazine Nowy Świat Przygód (New World of Adventures). Between 1947 and 1950 Lem, while continuing his work as a scientific research assistant, published poems, short stories, and scientific essays. However, during the era of Stalinism, all published works had to be directly approved by the communist regime. Lem finished a partly autobiographical novella Hospital of the Transfiguration (Szpital Przemienienia) in 1948, but it was suppressed by the authorities until 1955 when he added a sequel more acceptable to the doctrine of socialist realism. In 1951 he published his first book, Astronauci (The Astronauts); it was commissioned as juvenile SF and Lem was forced to include many references to the ‘glorious future of communism’ in it. He later criticized this novel (as well as several of his other early pieces, bowing to the ideological pressure) as simplistic; nonetheless its publication persuaded him to become a full-time writer.[6]
Lem became truly productive after 1956, when the de-Stalinization period in the Soviet Union led to the “Polish October“, when Poland experienced an increase in freedom of speech. Between 1956 and 1968, Lem authored 17 books. His works were widely translated abroad (although mostly in the Eastern Bloc countries). In 1957 he published his first non-fiction, philosophical book, Dialogi (Dialogues). Dialogi andSumma Technologiae (1964) are his two most famous philosophical texts. The Summa is notable for being a unique analysis of prospective social, cybernetic, and biological advances. In this work, Lem discusses philosophical implications of technologies that were completely in the realm of science fiction then, but are gaining importance today—for instance, virtual reality and nanotechnology. Over the next few decades, he published many books, both science fiction and philosophical/futurological, although from the 1980s onwards he tended to concentrate on philosophical texts and essays.
[edit]Fame
He gained international fame for The Cyberiad, a series of humorous short stories from a mechanical universe inhabited by robots (who had occasional contacts with biological “slimies” and human “palefaces”), first published in English in 1974. His best-known novels includeSolaris (1961), His Master’s Voice (Głos pana, 1968), and the late Fiasco (Fiasko, 1987), expressing most strongly his major theme of the futility of mankind’s attempts to comprehend the truly alien. Solaris was made into a film in 1972 by Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky and won a Special Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival in 1972;[6] in 2002, Steven Soderbergh directed a Hollywood remake starring George Clooney.
In 1982, with martial law in Poland declared, Lem moved to West Berlin where he became a fellow of the Institute for Advanced Study, Berlin(Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin). After that, he settled in Vienna. He returned to Poland in 1988.
In the early 1990s Lem met with a literary scholar and critic, Peter Swirski, for a series of extensive interviews, published together with other critical materials and translations as A Stanislaw Lem Reader (1997). In the book Lem speaks about a range of issues rarely before touched on in any interview. Moreover, the book includes Swirski’s translation of Lem’s retrospective essay, ‘Thirty Year Later’, devoted to Lem’s legendary nonfictional treatise, Summa Technologiae. During later interviews in 2005, Lem expressed his disappointment with the genre of science fiction and his general pessimism regarding technical progress. He viewed the human body as unsuitable for space travel, held that information technology drowns people in a glut of low-quality information, and considered truly intelligent robots as both undesirable and impossible to construct.[7]
Lem died in Kraków on 27 March 2006 at the age of 84 due to heart disease.
[edit]Honors and accolades
- 1957 – City of Kraków’s Prize in Literature (Nagroda Literacka miasta Krakowa)
- 1965 – Prize of the Minister of Culture and Art, 2nd Level (Nagroda Ministra Kultury i Sztuki II stopnia)
- 1972 – member of commission “Poland 2000″ of the Polish Academy of Sciences
- 1973
- Prize of the Minister of Foreign Affairs for popularization of Polish culture abroad (nagroda Ministra Spraw Zagranicznych za popularyzację polskiej kultury za granicą)
- Literary Prize of the Minister of Culture and Art (nagroda literacka Ministra Kultury i Sztuki) and honorary member of Science Fiction Writers of America
- 1976 – State Prize 1st Level in the area of literature (Nagroda Państwowa I stopnia w dziedzinie literatury)
- 1979
- Grand Prix de Littérature Policière for his novel Katar.
- A minor planet, 3836 Lem, discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1979, is named after him.[8]
- 1981 – Doctor honoris causa honorary degree from the Wrocław University of Technology
- 1986 – Austrian State Prize for European Literature
- 1991 – Austrian literary Franz Kafka Prize
- 1994 – member of the Polish Academy of Learning
- 1996 – recipient of the Order of the White Eagle
- 1997 – honorary citizen of Kraków
- 1998 – Doctor honoris causa: University of Opole, Lviv University, Jagiellonian University
- 2003 – Doctor honoris causa of the University of Bielefeld
- 2007 – A street in Kraków is to be named in his honour.[9]
- 2009 – A street in Wieliczka was named in his honour[10]
- 2011 – An interactive Google logo inspired by The Cyberiad was created and published in his honor for the 60th anniversary of his first published book: The Astronauts.[11][12]
[edit]SFWA controversy
Lem was awarded an honorary membership in the Science Fiction Writers of America (SFWA) in 1973 despite being technically ineligible. SFWA Honorary membership is given to people who do not meet the criteria for joining the regular membership but who would be welcomed as members. Lem, however, never had a high opinion of American science-fiction—particularly the works of Harlan Ellison—describing it as ill thought-out, poorly written, and interested more in making money than in ideas or new literary forms.[13] After his American publication, when he was eligible for regular membership, his honorary membership was rescinded. Some of the SFWA members apparently intended this as a rebuke,[14] and it seems that Lem interpreted it thus, but the organization’s official line is that honorary membership is only extended to people who are not eligible for regular membership. After his American publication, Lem was invited to stay on with the organization with a regular membership, but declined.[15]
Lem singled out only one American SF writer for praise, Philip K. Dick—see the 1986 English-language anthology of his critical essays,Microworlds. Dick, however, considered Lem to be a composite committee operating on orders of the Communist party to gain control over public opinion, and wrote a letter to the FBI to that effect.[16] After many members (including Ursula K. Le Guin) protested Lem’s treatment by the SFWA, a member offered to pay his dues. Lem never accepted the offer. He had also been critical of science fiction in general.[13][15]
[edit]Themes
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Lem’s work displays several recurring themes. The first major grouping of his fiction falls into a more traditional understanding of science fiction, with elements including speculation on technological advances, space travel and alien worlds. This group includes such works asEden (1959), Return from the Stars (1961), Solaris (1961), The Invincible (1964), His Master’s Voice (1968), and Tales of Pirx the Pilot(1968).[6] Fables of a dark nature make up the other grouping. These include The Star Diaries (1957), Memoirs Found in a Bathtub (1961), and The Cyberiad (1965).
One of Lem’s primary themes was the impossibility of communication between humans and profoundly alien civilizations. His aliens are often incomprehensible to the human mind, be they swarms of mechanical insects (in The Invincible), a living ocean (in Solaris) or strangely ordered societies of more human-like beings in Fiasco and Eden, describing the failure of the first contact. Lem’s book Return from the Starsfollows an astronaut’s adjustment to a radically changed human society after spending 100 years in space. In His Master’s Voice Lem describes the failure of humanity’s intelligence in deciphering and truly comprehending an apparent message from space.
He wrote about human technological progress and the problem of human existence in a world where technological development makes biological human impulses obsolete or dangerous. His criticism of most science fiction surfaced in novels (His Master’s Voice), literary and philosophical essays (Fantastyka i futurologia) and interviews.[17] In the 1990s Lem forswore science fiction and returned to futurological prognostications, most notably those expressed in Okamgnienie (Blink of an Eye). He became increasingly critical of modern technology in his later life, criticizing inventions such as the Internet.[18]
In many novels, humans become an irrational and emotional liability to their machine partners, who are not perfect either. Issues oftechnological utopias appeared in Peace on Earth, in Observation on the Spot, and, to a lesser extent, in The Cyberiad.
Lem often placed his characters — like the spaceman Ijon Tichy of The Star Diaries, Pirx the pilot (of Tales of Pirx the Pilot), or the narrator of Return from the Stars in strange, new settings. Thrust into the unknown, he used them to personify various aspects of the possible futures, often having them balance on the thin line separating his belief in the inherent goodness of humanity and his deep pessimism about human limitations.
He also often deploys a wicked sense of humor in his descriptions of even the darkest human situations, most famously in The Futurological Congress and Memoirs Found in a Bathtub. In this regard, he has sometimes been compared to Kurt Vonnegut or Franz Kafka. Many of his lighter tales are about Ijon Tichy, a cosmic traveller in his one-man spaceship, whose adventures challenge commonly accepted ideas about things like time travel, the nature of the soul, and the origin of the universe, in a satiric and ironic, yet undeniably logical way.
Three of his novels are likely his most famous.[6] The philosophical Solaris, filmed three times, is set on an isolated research station above the planet Solaris, which is home to a unique alien lifeform. Głos Pana (His Master’s Voice) is a very philosophical – much more so than Solaris – story of a scientific effort to decode, translate and understand an extraterrestrial transmission, critically approaching humanity’s intelligence and intentions in deciphering and truly comprehending a message from space. Finally, The Cyberiad, pointedly subtitled “Fables for the Cybernetic Age”, provides a commentary on humanity in the form of a series of comic short stories relating the adventures of two robot‘constructors’ who handle engineering issues around the galaxy.
[edit]Influence
Franz Rottensteiner, Lem’s former agent, was instrumental in introducing him to the Western audience, but they later separated on bitter terms. Rottensteiner summarized his importance:
With [number of translations and copies sold], Lem is the most successful author in modern Polish fiction; nevertheless his commercial success in the world is limited, and the bulk of his large editions was due to the special publishing conditions in theCommunist countries: Poland, the Soviet Union, and the German Democratic Republic). Only in West Germany was Lem really a critical and a commercial success [... and everywhere... ] in recent years interest in him has waned. But he is the only writer of European SF of whom most books have been translated into English, and [...] kept in print in the USA. Lem’s critical success in English is due mostly to the excellent translations of Michael Kandel…
— Franz Rottensteiner , View from Another Shore: European Science Fiction , second updated edition, Liverpool University Press 1999, ISBN 0-85323942-8, Note on the Authors: Stanislaw Lem, p. 252
Stanisław Lem, whose works were influenced by such masters of Polish literature as Cyprian Norwid and Stanisław Witkiewicz, chose the language of science fiction as in the communist People’s Republic of Poland it was easier — and safer — to express ideas veiled in the world of fantasy and fiction than in the world of reality[citation needed]. Despite this — or perhaps because of this — he has become one of the most highly acclaimed science-fiction writers, hailed by critics as equal to the likes of H. G. Wells or Olaf Stapledon.[19]
Lem’s works influenced not only the realm of literature, but that of science as well. For example, Return from the Stars includes the “opton”, which is often cited as the first published appearance of the idea of electronic paper.
In 1981 the philosophers Douglas R. Hofstadter and Daniel C. Dennett included three extracts from Lem’s fiction in their important annotated anthology The Mind’s I. … Hofstadter commented that Lem’s “literary and intuitive approach… does a better job of convincing readers of his views than any hard-nosed scientific article… might do”.[19]
[edit]Other
- Will Wright‘s popular city planning game, SimCity, was partly inspired by Lem’s short story, “The Seventh Sally.”[20]
- Lem’s works have been used as teaching texts for philosophy students.[21]
- Texts by Lem were set to music by Esa-Pekka Salonen in his 1982 piece, Floof.
[edit]Works
[edit]Fiction
- Man From Mars translated by Peter Swirski (see also pl:Człowiek z Marsa), 1946. Short novel, originally published in magazine serial form, reissued in the 1990s after a German translation rekindled interest in this very first novel. In 2009 for the first time a long excerpt from Chapter 1 translated into English by Peter Swirski and published with permission of Lem’s family in an online literary magazineWords Without Borders
- Hospital of the Transfiguration (pl:Szpital Przemienienia, written 1948) – partly autobiographical novella about a doctor working in a Polish asylum during the nazi euthanasia program Action T4, published in expanded form in 1955 as Czas nieutracony: Szpital przemienienia. Translated into English by William Brand in 1988. Made in Poland into a film in 1979.[22]
- The Astronauts (Astronauci, 1951) – juvenile science fiction novel. In early 21st century, it is discovered that Tunguska meteorite was a crash of a reconnaissance ship from Venus, bound to invade the Earth. A spaceship sent to investigate finds that Venusians killed themselves in atomic war first. Made into a film in 1960.[23]
- The Magellanic Cloud (Obłok Magellana, 1955, untranslated into English)
- Sezam (1955) – Linked collection of short fiction, dealing with time machines used to clean up Earth’s history in order to be accepted into intergalactic society. Not translated into English.
- Dzienniki gwiazdowe (1957, expanded until 1971) – Collection of short fiction dealing with the voyages of Ijon Tichy. Translated into English and expanded as The Star Diaries (1976, translated by Michael Kandel), later published in 2 volumes as Memoirs of a Space Traveller (1982, second volume translated by Joel Stern).
- The Invasion from Aldebaran (pl:Inwazja z Aldebarana, 1959) – Collection of science fiction stories.
- The Investigation (Śledztwo, 1959; trans. 1974 by Adele Milch) – philosophical mystery novel. The book was made into a short film of the same name by Marek Piestrak in 1973.[24]
- Eden (1959) – Science fiction novel; after crashing their spaceship on the planet Eden, the crew discovers it is populated with an unusual society. Translated into English by Marc E. Heine as Eden (1989).
- Mortal Engines (pl:Bajki robotów,1961) – Also contains The Hunt from Tales of Pirx the Pilot.
- Return from the Stars (Powrót z gwiazd, 1961; trans. 1980 by Barbara Marszal and Frank Simpson) – SF novel. An astronaut returns to Earth after a 127 year mission.
- Solaris (1961) – SF novel. The crew of a space station is strangely influenced by the living ocean as they attempt communication with it. Translated into English from the French translation by Joanna Kilmartin and Steve Cox in 1970. Made into a Russian film in 1972, and US film in 2002.
- Memoirs Found in a Bathtub (Pamiętnik znaleziony w wannie, 1961; trans. 1973) – Novel set in the distant future about a secret agent, whose mission is so secret that no one can tell him what it is.
- The Invincible (Niezwyciężony, 1964; translated by Wendayne Ackerman from the German translation 1973) – SF novel. The crew of a space cruiser searches for a disappeared ship on the planet Regis III, discovering swarms of insect-like micromachines.
- The Cyberiad (Cyberiada, 1965; trans. by Michael Kandel 1974) – collection of humorous stories about the exploits of Trurl and Klapaucius, “constructors” among robots. The stories of Douglas Adams have been compared to the Cyberiad.[25]
- His Master’s Voice (Głos pana,1968) – SF novel about the effort to translate an extraterrestrial transmission. Translated by Michael Kandel as His Master’s Voice.
- Ze wspomnień Ijona Tichego; The Futurological Congress (Kongres futurologiczny, 1971) – An Ijon Tichy novella, published in the collection Bezsenność.
- Ze wspomnień Ijona Tichego; Professor A. Dońda (1971)
- A Perfect Vacuum (Doskonała próżnia, 1971) – Collection of reviews of fictional books. Translated into English by Michael Kandel.
- Opowieści o pilocie Pirxie (1973) – Collection of linked short fiction involving the career of Pirx. Translated into English in two volumes (Tales of Pirx the Pilot and More Tales of Pirx the Pilot)
- Imaginary Magnitude (pl:Wielkość urojona, 1973) – Collection of introductions to nonexistent books. Also includes Golem XIV, a lengthy essay/short story on the nature of intelligence delivered by eponymous US military computer. In the personality of Golem XIV, Lem with a great amount of humor describes an ideal of his own mind. Spanish edition: Magnitud imaginaria by Editorial Impedimenta Madrid, 2010.
- Katar (The Cold, 1975) – borderline SF novel. A former US astronaut is sent to Italy to investigate a series of mysterious deaths. Translated as The Chain of Chance.
- Golem XIV (1981) – Expansion of an essay/story from Wielkość urojona.
- Observation on the Spot (pl:Wizja lokalna, 1982) – Ijon Tichy novel about the planet Entia. Not translated into English.
- Fiasco (Fiasko, 1986, trans. 1987) – SF novel concerning an expedition to communicate with an alien civilization that devolves into a major fiasco.
- Library of 21st Century (Biblioteka XXI wieku, 1986) – 3 more fictional reviews; translated as One Human Minute
- Peace on Earth (Pokój na Ziemi, 1987; transl. 1994) – Ijon Tichy novel. A callotomised Tichy returns to Earth, trying to reconstruct the events of his recent visit to the Moon.
- The Riddle (Zagadka, 1996) – Short stories collection. Not translated into English.
- The Fantastical Lem (Fantastyczny Lem, 2001) – Short stories collection. Not translated into English.
[edit]Nonfiction
unless noted, not translated into English
- Dialogi (Dialogs 1957) – Non-fiction work of philosophy. Translated into English by Frank Prengel as Dialogs.
- Wejście na orbitę (Going into Orbit, 1962)
- Summa Technologiae (1964) – Philosophical essay. Partially translated into English.
- Filozofia Przypadku (Philosophy of Coincidence or The Philosophy of Chance, 1968) – Nonfiction
- Fantastyka i futurologia (Fantasy and Futurology 1970) – Critiques on science fiction. Some parts were translated into English in the magazine Science Fiction Studies in 1973-1975, selected material was translated in the single volume Microworlds (New York, 1986). Includes two important essays on Philip K. Dick.
- Rozmowy ze Stanisławem Lemem Interviews with Stanisław Lem, Stanisław Beres, Wydawnictwo Literackie Kraków(1987) ISBN 83-08-01656-1
- Rozprawy i szkice (Essays and drafts, 1974) – collection of essays on science, science fiction, and literature in general
- Wysoki zamek (1975) – Autobiography of Lem’s childhood before World War II. Translated into English as Highcastle: A Remembrance.
- Rozprawy i szkice (1975) – Essays and sketches
- Lube czasy (Pleasant Times, 1995)
- Dziury w całym (Looking for Problems, 1995)
- Tajemnica chińskiego pokoju (Mystery of the Chinese Room, 1996) – Collection of essays on the impact of technology on everyday life.
- Sex Wars (1996) – essays
- Dyskusje ze Stanisławem Lemem M. Szpakowska, Interviews with Stanisław Lem, Warszawa 1996
- Bomba megabitowa (The Megabit Bomb, 1999) – Collection of essays about the potential downside of technology, including terrorism and artificial intelligence.
- Okamgnienie (A Blink of an Eye, 2000) – Collection of essays on technological progress since the publication of Summa Technologiae
- Tako rzecze Lem (Thus Spake Lem, 2002) – Interviews with Lem.
- Mój pogląd na literaturę (My View of Literature, 2003)
- Krótkie zwarcia (Short Circuits, 2004) – Essays
- Lata czterdzieste. Dyktanda. (The 40s, 2005) – Lem’s works from the 1940s
- Rasa drapieżców. Teksty ostatnie (The Predator Race 2006) – the last book of Stanislaw Lem contains actual feuilletons about art, politic and social problems from Polish press “Tygodnik Powszechny“.
[edit]Dramatic adaptations
Lem was well-known for criticizing the films based on his work, including the famous characterization of Solaris by Andrei Tarkovsky as “Crime and Punishment in space”.
- Der Schweigende Stern (literally The Silent Star, shown in USA as First Spaceship on Venus, German Democratic Republic – Poland1960), loosely based on The Astronauts
- Przekładaniec (Layer Cake/Roly Poly, 1968, by Andrzej Wajda)
- Ikarie XB-1 (in USA as White Planet or Voyage to the End of the Universe, Czechoslovakia 1963) [26] – loosely based on The Magellanic Cloud, uncredited
- Solaris (Соля́рис 1968) – by Boris Nirenburg (USSR). TV film based on the novel Solaris
- Solaris (1972, by Andrei Tarkovsky)
- Pirx kalandjai (1973, Hungarian TV)
- Test pilota Pirxa or Дознание пилота Пиркса (from Pirx story “The Inquest”, joint Soviet (Ukrainian-Estonian)-Polish production 1978, directed by Marek Piestrak)
- Szpital przemienienia (Hospital of the Transfiguration, 1979, by Edward Zebrowski)
- Victim of the Brain (1988, by Piet Hoenderdos) includes adaptation of “The Seventh Sally”
- Marianengraben (1994, directed by Achim Bornhak, written by Lem and Mathias Dinter)
- Solaris (2002, by Steven Soderbergh)
- Ijon Tichy: Raumpilot (2007), German TV (ZDF) miniseries, 6 episodes, directed by Oliver Jahn, after his student’s film from 1998.
- 1 (2008, by Pater Sparrow)
- Solaris 29 July 2007, BBC Radio 4 Classic Serial radio play adaptation, 2 one hour episodes, adapted by Hattie Naylor, produced by Polly Thomas.
- Thirty-Minute Theatre: Roly Poly (1969) – by Michael Hart (Great Britain), scenario of one part was based on the story “Do you exist Mr Jones?”[27]
- The Congress (2012), directed by Ari Folman.
[edit]Opera adaptation
- The Cyberiad (1970; 2nd version 1985), by Krzysztof Meyer; broadcast by Polish Television (1st act, 1971), staged in Wuppertal (Germany) (1986)
[edit]References
- ^ Orzeł Biały dla Lema (White Eagle for Lem), article in “Gazeta Wyborcza” nr 217, 17 September 1996, page 2
- ^ Stanislaw Lem 1921 – 2006. Obituary at Lem’s official site
- ^ Theodore Sturgeon: Introduction to Roadside Picnic by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc, New York 1976
- ^ a b Stanislaw Lem about himself
- ^ Stanislaw Lem: Chance and Order, autobiographical essay, The New Yorker 59 (30 January 1984) 88-98]
- ^ a b c d e Lem, Stanislaw. (2006) In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 June 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service
- ^ Auch Hosenträger sind intelligent, Zeit Wissen, 1/2005; Im Ramschladen der Phantasie, Zeit Wissen, 3/2005. (German)
- ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. pp. 325. ISBN 3540002383.
- ^ UCHWAŁA NR VIII/122/07 Rady Miasta Krakowa z dnia 14 marca 2007 r. w sprawie nazw ulic. Par.1, pkt.1 (Polish)
- ^ Uchwała nr XXXII/479/2009 Rady Miejskiej w Wieliczce z dnia 30 września 2009 r. w sprawie nadania nazwy ulicy (Polish)
- ^ [1]
- ^ Google creates doodle in Stanislaw Lem’s book, The Guardian Retrieved on 23 November 2011
- ^ a b Stanislaw Lem – Frequently Asked Questions
- ^ The Lem Affair (Continued)
- ^ a b “Lem and SFWA”. Archived from the original on 2008-01-11. in Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America FAQ, “paraphrasingJerry Pournelle” who was SFWA President 1973-4
- ^ P.K.Dick, Letter to FBI quoted on Lem’s homepage
- ^ Stanislaw Lem – Interview February 2003
- ^ “Shargh” daily newspaper interview
- ^ a b “Stanislaw Lem”. The Times. 2006-03-28.
- ^ Lew, Julie (June 15, 1989). “Making City Planning a Game”. nytimes.com. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ For instance, in the subject Natural and Artificial Thinking, Faculty of Math. & Phys., Charles University in Prague, or Philosophy in sci-fi atMasaryk University in Brno
- ^ Hospital of the Transfiguration at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ The Astronauts at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Polish Studies Center
- ^ Vitrifax: On Stanislaw Lem – The Cyberiad
- ^ Ikarie XB 1 (1963)
- ^ About show Thirty-Minute Theatre on TV.com
[edit]Further reading
- Peter Swirski, Stanislaw Lem Reader, Northwestern University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-81011495-X description
- Peter Swirski, “Stanislaw Lem.” In Science Fiction Writers; Revised Edition. Ed. Richard Bleiler. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1999. 453-466.
- Peter Swirski, Between Literature and Science: Poe, Lem, and Explorations in Aesthetics, Cognitive Science, and Literary Knowledge, McGill-Queen’s UP, 2000, ISBN 0773520783
- Peter Swirski, From Lowbrow to Nobrow, CHAPTER 6, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2005, ISBN 0773530193
- Peter Swirski (ed), The Art and Science of Stanislaw Lem, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2008, ISBN 0773530479
- Peter Swirski, Of Literature and Knowledge: Explorations in Narrative Thought Experiments, Evolution, and Game Theory”, CHAPTER 5, Routledge, 2007, ISBN 0415420601
- Peter Swirski, “A Taste of Lem—Early Works by the Polish Writer and Polymath Who Has Given His Name to an Asteroid.” Times Literary Supplement April 17 (2009): 14-15.
- Acta Lemiana Monashiensis ed. Lech Keller, „Acta Polonica Monashiensis” 2002, vol. 2, nr 2 Monash University 2003, 207 p., ISSN 1326-8562 review in Polish
- Lech Keller, Visions of the Future in the Writings of Stanislaw Lem (Volume 1, “Visions of the Future”) Saarbrücken, Germany: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010, 392 p., ISBN 978-3-8383-5900-7
- Lech Keller, Visions of the Future in the Writings of Stanislaw Lem (Volume 2, “Annotated and Cross-Referenced Primary and Secondary Bibliography of Stanislaw Lem”) Saarbrücken, Germany: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010, 696 p., ISBN 978-3-8383-6942-6
- Jameson, Fredric. “The Unknowability Thesis.” In Archaeologies of the Future: This Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions.London and New York: Verso, 2005.
- Suvin, Darko. “Three World Paradigms for SF: Asimov, Yefremov, Lem.” Pacific Quarterly (Moana): An International Review of Arts and Ideas 4.(1979): 271-283.
[edit]External links
| Wikinews has related news:Stanisław Lem dies at 84 |
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Stanisław Lem |
| Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Stanisław Lem |
- Lem.pl Official website - maintained by Lem’s son and secretary
- Stanisław Lem at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
- Stanisław Lem at the Internet Movie Database
- “A Visionary Among the Charlatans”: Lem’s essay on Philip K. Dick at the Science-Fiction Studies website.
- “Todorov’s Fantastic Theory of Literature: Lem’s caustic criticism of Tzvetan Todorov‘s essay on the fantastic
- Solaris, Rediscovered by Gary K. Wolf, Wired December 2002 including some comments from Lem
- Lem at “The Modern Word”
- Biography
- Biography at poland.gov.pl
- Biography at culture.pl
- Science Fiction as a Model for Probabilistic Worlds: Stanislaw Lem’s Fantastic Empiricism by Dagmar Barnouw, Science Fiction Studies, # 18 = Volume 6, Part 2 = July 1979
- Stanislaw Lem, Jeet Heer, Boston Globe Ideas, 15 December 2004
- The writing of Stanislaw Lem – Reviews by Matt McIrvin
- Stanislaw Lem Bibliography
- Obituaries
- Life after Lem, Warsaw Voice 5 April 2006 (cover story)
- To Solaris and beyond, Philosopher’s Zone Australian Broadcasting Corporation discussion about Lem’s works; MP3
- Times Online Obituary
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- 1921 births
- 2006 deaths
- People from Lviv
- Stanisław Lem
- Alumni of Jagiellonian University
- University of Lviv alumni
- Polish science fiction writers
- Polish people of Jewish descent
- Polish satirists
- Polish atheists
- Cardiovascular disease deaths in Poland
- Futurologists
- Science fiction critics
- Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1944-1989)
- Recipients of the Order of the Banner of Work
- Austrian State Prize for European Literature winners
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